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Alphitonia ponderosa

Hillebr. (1888)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Rhamnaceae Genus: Alphitonia

kauila, kauwila, o‘a [oa] (Maui)

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees 4–25 m tall.

Stems: Bark whitish, deeply corrugated in drier habitats.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades ovate, elliptic–ovate, or oblong–ovate to lanceolate, (6–)8–1 5(–22.5) cm long, (2.5–)3.5–7(–9.6) cm wide. Apex usually acuminate, but sometimes acute or even obtuse. Upper surfaces dark green, somewhat glossy, glabrate; lower surfaces densely rusty tomentose at least when young, occasionally turning white in age, or all of the hairs deciduous except those in the impressed areoles between the veins, or rarely the entire surfaces glabrate; Blades somewhat to distinctly coriaceous. Margins entire. Pinnately veined. Petioles 1.6–5 cm long, tomentulose, ± sparsely so with age. Stipules 2–10 mm long.

Flowers: Flowers in thyrses usually 6–8 cm long, rusty tomentose throughout, peduncles 6–10 mm long, pedicels 3–6 mm long, angled, small bracteoles at base. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic. Calyx of 5 sepals, deltate, 1.5–2.5 mm long, rusty to whitish tomentose, the inner face glabrous, valvate in bud. Corolla of 5 petals; petals spatulate, ca. 1.5 mm long, each one partly enclosing a stamen. Stamens 5, opposite the petals; filaments distinct, adnate to base of petals; anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary partly inferior, 2–3-celled; ovules 1 per cell, casal and erect, anatropous; style short, 2–3 lobed.

Fruit: Fruit drupaceous; black; subglobose; 14–18 mm in diameter; indehiscent to tardily dehiscent; the surface wrinkled; floral tube enclosing ca. ½ of the fruit; partly enclosed by the adherent nectary disk and floral tube; exocarp spongy and somewhat brittle; endocarp crustaceous. Seeds brown; oblong; ca. 6 mm long; covered by a thin red aril; persistent on receptacle.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Dry to mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 240–1,250 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

  • Bluish dye (leaves & bark)

  • The treatment for na ma‘i‘e‘eu o ka ‘ili, kuhewa, and maka‘u ano ‘e no (shudders, fears). Shavings from the trunk of the kauila tree are mixed with water and taken internally (Chun 1994:140).

  • There are two trees from the Rhamnaceae family that are both called kauila (Alphitonia ponderosa and Colubrina oppositifolia). In the ethnographic literature and the Bishop Museum ethnology collection it is usually unclear which of the two is actually represented. Therefore it is not certain which of the species may actually be represented in some of the information and images that follow. Kauila wood was used for many purposes, including as house beams; kapa beaters (i‘e kuku and hohoa) (Krauss 1993:61,63,69); fishing spears (kao or ‘o) and netting needle or shuttle (hi‘a ka ‘upena) (Krauss 1993:34,35,45), javelins (darts, ihe pahe‘e or pahe‘e) & spears (long spear or pololu); daggers (pahoa); clubs & shark-tooth clubs (Krauss 1993:94–97, 106–111); ‘o‘o (digging stick) (Krauss 1993:25); guessing games pieces (polished sticks hidden in hands), heavy base used in "wand game" (‘ume or pili) (Krauss 1993:92–93); ‘ukeke (musical bow); it was the preferred wood to repair wooden bowls (small pegs hammered in) (Krauss 1993:80, 85). In the Ethnology Collection at Bishop Museum there is a post-contact example of the wood made into a bowl and one of Kamehameka I's spears is said to have been reworked into this cane. Additional collections items of kauila are pestles and an amulet.

  • Akua loa staff for Makahiki

  • O'o - agricultural tool

CULTURE

  • The Kauila Trees of Maunaloa The gods of the forest, distrubed by loudness, had changed the noisy crowd into a grove of kauila trees which would whisper in the wind but never shout aloud (Pukui & Curtis 1951:179).

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • Intermediate. Grow from seeds, transfer sprouts to individual pots of 1:1 small cinder:vermiculite when roots appear, keep well watered, sulfur in mix will protect against diseases (Culliney and Koebele 1999:70–72).

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • Abbott says there is confusion about this tree and Colubrina oppositifolia since both are kauila

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 81 (1888)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1092 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H)

Laau Hawaii (Abbott) p.21

Laau Hawaii (Abbott) p.xx

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Alphitonia ponderosa Kawaiiki Ridge, slope above Koaie, west of twin falls. Montane mixed dry to mesic forest, just below Metrosideros-Acacia forest w/ Diospyros sandwicenses, Chrysodracon cf. stenophylla (=aurea), Myrsine lanaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Zant Preserved_Specimen Tree, 8 m tall, in flower and fruit, corolla cream with light green tinge, red-brown hairs on young growth, common. Wood, K.R. 16462 Kauai BISH 2015-06-04
2 Alphitonia ponderosa Rim of Kalalau Valley forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20944 Kauai BISH 1950-02-01
3 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu dry forest Preserved_Specimen tall tree, straight; smooth, light bark; hard, dense wood; foliage glossy, dark green above, lighter below, brown tomentose when young; fruit brown, dry when mature Herbst, D.R. 1033 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
4 Alphitonia ponderosa Near base of Makua Valley, on S side below the cliffs Trees. Dry, north talus slope Preserved_Specimen Fruit - globase. Brown when ripe. Very scraggly, much branching tree. Only one specimen. Judd, C.S. 70 Oahu BISH 1929-02-09
5 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Makawao District, Kanaio NAR, Open area of dry forest and shrubland. Vegetation: Diospyros, Pleomele, Nesoluma, Reynoldsia, Nothocestrum, Wikstroemia, Dodonaea, Chamaesyce, Cocculus, Lantana, Lepisorus, Myoporum, Osteomeles, Melinis, Pellaea, Eragrostis, Cyperus, Bocconia, Ipomoea, Carex, Peperomia, Plectranthus, Doryopteris, Leptecophylla, Xylosma, Myrsine, Petroselinum, Neonotonia Preserved_Specimen Single 2m tall tree, leaning, with rough barked trunk, Oppenheimer, H.L. 20906 Maui BISH 2009-02-03
6 Alphitonia ponderosa Makua valley 30 deg, NE; Nestegis sandwicensis, Alyxia, Styphelia, Myrsine lessertiana, Pittosporum glabrum, Wikstroemia, Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea, Psydrax odorata Preserved_Specimen 8 m; fruit Wood, K.R. 2435 Oahu BISH 1993-03-07
7 Alphitonia ponderosa W Maui, Lahaina District, West Maui Natural Area Reserve, Panaewa section, S side of Kanaha Valley, mauka of Paupau Growing on steep slope. Preserved_Specimen Two trees observed, ca 5 m tall, healthy. Oppenheimer, H.L. 69808 Maui BISH 1998-06-28
8 Alphitonia ponderosa Hana, Auwahi xerophytic forest Preserved_Specimen 25' tree Hosaka, E.Y. 2622 Maui BISH 1941-12-06
9 Alphitonia ponderosa Hanalei District; NaPali Coast State Park, back of Kalalau Valley Degraded Diverse Mesic Forest with remnant large native trees and Psydrax patches. Understory mostly weedy. W/ Pouteria sandwicensis, Pteralyxia kauaiensis, Psychotria mariniana, Elaeocarpus bifidus, Dodonea viscosa, Metrosideros poymorpha, Diospyros hillebrandii, D. sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Psydrax odo Preserved_Specimen Tree fallen over, still alive about 18 ft long. red-brown hairs on underside of leaf and on inflorescence. Thick woody exocarp cracking transversly and leaving fruit in dark red papery cup on Peduncle. Tangalin, N. 2863 Kauai BISH 2011-10-18
10 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District: Kopakaka Valley West of Makaha Ridge Road. Diverse Mesic Forest W/ Polyscias kavaiensis, Kadua affinis, Coprosma, Pisonia, Melicope barbigera, Alyxia stellata, Coprosma waimeae, Alphitonia ponderosa, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Preserved_Specimen Large tree 25 ft tall, fallen over in recent storm. About 20 ft up from drainage bottom. Red-orange-brown hairs on underside of leaves, more so on younger leaves. Leaves dark glossy green above w/ raised venation and depressed midrib covered in red-brn hairs. Apex of stem green, tan below. Bark mottled, wood pink Tangalin, N. 3589 Kauai BISH 2013-12-05
11 Alphitonia ponderosa Maui on open, gentle sloping ridgetop. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Psidium, Schinus, Wikstroemia, Leptecophylla, Dodonaea, Nephrolepis, Osteomeles, Phaius, Paspalum, Andropogon, Setaria, Carex, Psilotum, Cocculus, Pteridium Preserved_Specimen 5 m. tree Oppenheimer, H.L. 100522 Maui BISH 2005-10-20
12 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu forest along stream Preserved_Specimen Tree 10 m. high MacDaniels, L.H. 761 Kauai BISH 1927-02-17
13 Alphitonia ponderosa S fork of Kaunakakai Gulch Growing on south side of gulch with Dodonaea, Styphelia, Coprosma, Pleomele, and Euphorbia. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 feet tall, 1 ft. basal diameter Anderson, S.J. 530 Molokai BISH 1982-05-26
14 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Hana District, Auwahi dry forest on aa Preserved_Specimen ~5 m tree; flowers few, yellow white Webster, G.L. 13901 Maui BISH 1968-06-25
15 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District. Milolii Ridge Road leading into the Paaiki Valley, Kokee area Dry forest area assoc. with Euphorbia celastroides, Pittosporum acuminatum, Pelea sp., Dicranopteris Preserved_Specimen Large tree along jeep road Gustafson, R. 1035 Kauai BISH 1978-11-26
16 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kipuka Puaulu forest clearing Preserved_Specimen 8' shrub Takeuchi, W.N. 14 Hawaii BISH 1984-05-12
17 Alphitonia ponderosa Kopiwai trail, Kokee forest Preserved_Specimen 50' tree; juvenile leaves glabrous rugose, flowering leaves tomentulose smooth Degener, O. 21519 Kauai BISH 1952-01-11
18 Alphitonia ponderosa District of Waianae, Kahanahaiki On a mesic-forested slope Preserved_Specimen A multi-trunked tree Lau, J. 831 Oahu BISH 1982-01-30
19 Alphitonia ponderosa Kapua rough lava Preserved_Specimen 12 m tree MacDaniels, L.H. 272 Hawaii BISH 1926-05-16
20 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa smooth aa, fountain grass, ohia, lantana, Myrsine Preserved_Specimen 7 m x 1 tree, bark rough, light gray Montgomery, S.L. 38 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-06
21 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kipuka Nene dry ohia forest Preserved_Specimen 10 m tree; fruit dry and black Webster, G.L. 1808 Hawaii BISH 1948-06-18
22 Alphitonia ponderosa Kokee, Kokee Road, on side of ridge In open woods, with native trees and shrubs Preserved_Specimen A tall tree, 40 ft. x 18 in. Pearsall, G.A. 421 Kauai BISH 1959-07-05
23 Alphitonia ponderosa Milolii Ridge, Waimea moist woods Preserved_Specimen 25x1' tree St.John, H. 13722 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
24 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu Rather dry slope Preserved_Specimen Tree. Ht. 10 m. MacDaniels, L.H. 785 Kauai BISH 1927-02-18
25 Alphitonia ponderosa Kau, National Park, Kipuka Puaulu wet forest Preserved_Specimen 4 m tree, flowers yellowish white Lammers, T.G. 5406 Hawaii BISH 1983-09-02
26 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District, Nuololo, forests north of Nuololo trail Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia ponderosa, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Myrsine lanaiensis, Wikstroemia furcata, Dodonaea viscosa, Kadua affinis, Melicope barbigera, M. anisata, M. ovata, Pleomele aurea, Tetraplasandra kava Preserved_Specimen tree, up to 14 m tall, turnks up to 1.25 m rough textured, leaves with rusty bronw tinge on lower nerves, common Wood, K.R. 15675 Kauai BISH 2013-09-29
27 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kipuka Puaulu open slope Preserved_Specimen 9' tree Takeuchi, W.N. 20 Hawaii BISH 1984-05-12
28 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa, Hinds ranch rough lava Preserved_Specimen 15 m tree MacDaniels, L.H. 296 Hawaii BISH 1926-12-01
29 Alphitonia ponderosa W Maui, Mahinahina Gulch, adjacent to Puu Kukui Watershed Steep south wall in `ohi`a lowland mesic shrubland with Dicranopteris linearis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Scaevola gaudichaudii, Dodonaea viscosa, Wikstroemia oahuensis, Lycopodium cernuum, Cyanea elliptica, Liparis hawaiiensis, Diospyros sandwicensis, Odontosoria chinensis, Carex wahuensis, Machaerina mariscoides, Exocarpos gaudicaudii. Preserved_Specimen Ca. 13 ft. high; 95% foliated. 2 other specimens noted within 100 m radius. Meidell, J.S. 102 Maui BISH 1995-11-02
30 Alphitonia ponderosa Hanalei District. Kalalau, back of valley, forest below Pihea Diospyros-Metrosideros mixed lowland mesic forest w/canopy of Pouteria sandwicensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha, Antidesma platyphylla, Psychotria mariniana, Myrsine lanaiensis, Bobea elatior, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Pteralyxia k Preserved_Specimen Tree, 7 m tall, with flower and fruit Wood, K.R. 16556 Kauai BISH 2015-07-28
31 Alphitonia ponderosa Makua Valley Mesic native forest on west facing slope Preserved_Specimen Tree. Flowers - white, fragrant. Fruit - bluish/black. Gagné, W.C. 696 Oahu BISH 1974-05-26
32 Alphitonia ponderosa Milolii Ridge road Metrosideros, Tetraplasandra, Cyanea Preserved_Specimen 15 m tree; flower white, fragrant; fruit hard, dry; flux on trunk Gagné, W.C. 530 Kauai BISH 1970-08-21
33 Alphitonia ponderosa Waianae Mts., Makua Valley, against cliff of backbone, about middle of the cliff face in a large V-shaped gulch, on the north face On the edge of a steep ridge, among Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Psidium, Diospyros, etc. Dry substrata. Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. 76305 Oahu BISH 1976-11-28
34 Alphitonia ponderosa Upper Waimea Canyon, Kokee Park ca. 2 mi S of Park Headquarters In moderately dry Acacia kauaiensis-Metrosideros polymorpha forest, with Santalum pyrularium, Euphorbia remyi, Wilkesia gymnoxiphium, Styphelia tameiameiae. Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 ft. tall (larger individuals probably present in more nearly intact forest areas); fls. greenish-white within, fruits purple-black. Carlquist, S. 1956 Kauai BISH 1966-07-10
35 Alphitonia ponderosa S Fork of Kaunakakai Gulch Growing on south side of gulch with Dodonaea, Styphelia, Coprosma, Pleomele, and Euphorbia. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 feet tall, 1 ft. basal diameter. Anderson, S.J. 530 Molokai BISH 1982-05-26
36 Alphitonia ponderosa Awaawapuhi Trail from Kokee Road to NaPali Coast Rainforest Preserved_Specimen Tree c. 6 m., d.b.h. 8 - 15 cm. Branchlets dark green above, light greenish greay below with brown hue. Inflorescence branches light orange brown. Corolla cramy, calyx brownish. fruits dark greyish black. van Royen, P. 11753 Kauai BISH 1977-09-24
37 Alphitonia ponderosa Canyon Rim Trail, near Waipoo Waterfall In low forest with Acacia and Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Treelet 5 m.l, young parts brownish, fl. brown outside, pale green inside, fr. green turning brown van Balgooy, M.M.J. 4234 Kauai BISH 1982-05-30
38 Alphitonia ponderosa USA, Hawaiian Islands, Lana'I, Awehi Gulch headwaters, below Waiakeakua, 900m. Single 3-4 m tall tree, leaning, on N facing slope, near ridge top, in very degraded Mesic Forest dominated by Psidium cattleianum. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Nestegis, Ilex, Psychotria, Bobea, Leptecophylla, Xylosma, Syzgium, Pouteria, Pittosporum, Perrottetia, Myrsine, Kadua, Santalum, Clermontia, Cyrtandra, Scaevola, Pipturus, Melicope, Pisonia, WIkstroemia, Dodonaea, Freycinetia, Doodia, Dianella, Dicranopteris, Diplopterygium, Sphenomeris, Smilax, Alyxia, Sadleria, Cibotium, Acacia, Selaginella. Threats: Deer, Psidium, Morella, Leptospermum, Sechinus, Cinnamomum. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 91013 Lanai BISH 2019-09-14
39 Alphitonia ponderosa S fork of Kaunakakai Gulch Growing on south side of gulch with Dodonaea, Styphelia, Coprosma, Pleomele, and Euphorbia. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 feet tall, 1 ft. basal diameter Anderson, S.J. 530 Molokai BISH 1982-05-26
40 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu dry forest Preserved_Specimen tall tree, straight; smooth, light bark; hard, dense wood; foliage glossy, dark green above, lighter below, brown tomentose when young; fruit brown, dry when mature Herbst, D.R. 1033 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
41 Alphitonia ponderosa Honopu side of dividing ridge S of Kalalau Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha montane mesic forest w/ Zanthoxylum diptalum, Dicranopteris linearis, Hedyotis terminalis, Pleomele aurea, Bobea brevipes, Psychotria mariniana, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, Pouteria sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis; pig, deer, goat, rats, Rubus argutus, Lantana camara, Erigeron karvinskianus. Preserved_Specimen Tree, 9 m tall, trunk 40 cm dia. @ base - rough textured bark gray-brown, occasional. Wood, K.R. 11766 Kauai BISH 2006-02-19
42 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu dry forest Preserved_Specimen tall tree, straight; smooth, light bark; hard, dense wood; foliage glossy, dark green above, lighter below, brown tomentose when young; fruit brown, dry when mature Herbst, D.R. 1033 Kauai BISH 1968-04-07
43 Alphitonia ponderosa Kokee, near museum Acacia koa Preserved_Specimen Little Jr., E.L. 31172 Kauai BISH 1976-09-01
44 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea Canyon, isolated relic forest, difficult access N of Kukui trail Metrosideros with Santalum, Dodonaea, Dicranopteris, Antidesma, Alphitonia, Psychotria, Pittosporum. Preserved_Specimen Tree, 5 m tall, with seed, occasional. Wood, K.R. 14186 Kauai BISH 2010-04-11
45 Alphitonia ponderosa West Maui, Lahaina, Hanakaoo gulch mauka of Horner Reservoir N facing steep slope, ~1/3 way below gulch rim. Associated vegetation: Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles, Scaevola, Diospyros, Acacia, Bidens, Pteridium, Nephrolepis, Doodia, Dryopteris, Carex, Pittosporum, Elaphoglossum, Asplenium, Psydrax, Alyxia, Psilotum, Lepisorus, Psidium, Schinus. Preserved_Specimen 7 m tree. Oppenheimer, H.L. 60713 Maui BISH 2007-06-12
46 Alphitonia ponderosa S branch, Kapua Gulch forest Preserved_Specimen single tree Degener, O. 28554 Lanai BISH 1963-08-24
47 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District, Puu Ka Pele Rorest Reserge on W. side of Waimea Canyon.11.3 miles N. of Waimea, just E. of Highway 550 Steep slopes and open grassy areass with remnants of dry mixed mesophytic forest of Acacia koa, Metrosideros, and Myraine Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m. tall, 35 cm. d.b.h. Fruits dry, blakish, capsular. Lorence, D.H. 5252 Kauai BISH 1987-05-21
48 Alphitonia ponderosa Kohua ridge, and South facing slopes above Koaie. Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphylla, Euphorbia atrococca, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dracaena aurea, Pol... Preserved_Specimen Tree, 10 m tall, w/ immature and mature fruit, common. K.R. Wood 19652 Kauai BISH 2024-11-13
49 Alphitonia ponderosa S Fork of Kaunakakai Gulch Growing on south side of gulch with Dodonaea, Styphelia, Coprosma, Pleomele, and Euphorbia. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 15 feet tall, 1 ft. basal diameter. Anderson, S.J. 530 Molokai BISH 1982-05-26
50 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District: Upper Makaha Valley, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve Ohia-Koa-Kauila Mesic Forest Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima, Dodonea viscosa, Euphorbia atrococca, Psidium cattleianum, Gahnia beecheyi, Carex wahuensis Leptecophylla tameiameiae Preserved_Specimen A small tree, leaning, approximately 13m tall. Fruits appear Williams, A.M. 795 Kauai BISH 2023-05-31
51 Alphitonia ponderosa Ravine northwest of Puu Makaliilii Arid, sunny, rocky slope Preserved_Specimen Petals greenish-yellow Degener, O. 3343 Molokai BISH 1928-05-22
52 Alphitonia ponderosa Awaawapuhi Trail from Kokee Road to NaPali Coast Rainforest Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. 11753 Kauai BISH 1977-09-24
53 Alphitonia ponderosa Kauai County Hanalei District Honopu Predator Proof Fence, Upper Honopu Valley Rim, Napali -Kona Forest Reserve Diverse Mesic Forest Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha var. glaberrima, Santalum pyrularium, Polyscias spp., Psychotria spp. Bobea brevipes, Dodonaea viscosa, Melicope s Preserved_Specimen A tree, approximately 40 ft. tall, with a fork in trunk around 4 ft. up. I have previously collected from the neighboring tree (AMW905 8 Oct 2024; AMW940 10 Jan 2025) which is larger and has nicer form but no lower branches - today I failed to bring climbing gear so we collected from this tree with accessible lower bra Williams, A. 949 Kauai BISH 2025-03-27
54 Alphitonia ponderosa Waianae Mts., Makua Valley- against cliff of back wall, center of valley On edge of steep ridge on north face of V shaped gulch. Assoc. with Metrosideros, Diospyros, Dodonaea Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1974-05-01
55 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District, Kohua Ridge, and N facing slopes above Awini Stream. Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia ponderosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Antidesma platyphylla, Euphorbia atrococca, Kadua affinis, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Dracaena aurea, Polysc [truncated label] Preserved_Specimen Tree 9 m tall, healthy Wood, K.R. 19462 Kauai BISH 2024-02-28
56 Alphitonia ponderosa Ridge between Kalahu and Nianiau, between Kalalau and Honapu Valleys Moist forest Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 m. tall, 1 m. through at base, ripe fruit black Fosberg, F.R. 12714 Kauai BISH 1935-12-29
57 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District. Kaluahaulu ridge, upper foreest. Metrosideros-Acacia mixed mexic forest with Alphitonia ponderosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Coprosma waimeae, Ilex anomala, Cheirodendron trigynuym, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Scaevola Preserved_Specimen Tree, 7 meters tall, with immature and mature fruit, common component of forest Wood, K.R. 18881 Kauai BISH 2022-01-27
58 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa Ranch, N Kona, below headquarters aa flow; with Metrosideros, Grevillea, Pennisetum Preserved_Specimen 15' tree Nagata, K.M. 1731 Hawaii BISH 1978-07-26
59 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea District. Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Unit B, Kahua Ridge trail, vicinity of Maile Flat. Diverse mesic forest on ridge crest, with Acacia koa, Metrosideros polymorpha, scattered Santalum and Alphitonia. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 meters tall with sprawling branches, trunk to 30 cm. diameter, bark gray. Leaves dark glossy green above, paler and rusty tomentose beneath. Fruits green, ripening black, apparently indehiscent, each with (2-) seeds. Lorence, D.H. 10502 Kauai BISH 2015-05-15
60 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kipuka Puaulu forest clearing Preserved_Specimen 8' shrub Takeuchi, W.N. 14 Hawaii BISH 1984-05-12
61 Alphitonia ponderosa Hanalei District. Hanakapi'ai Valley, 2/3 of the way back to waterfall on West side. Mesic forest on ridge. W/Metrosideros, Pittosporum glabrum, Diospyros sandwicensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Nesoluma polynesium. Preserved_Specimen Large tree 10m in height. Trunk at base 45 cm +. with flowers and immature fruit. Edmonds, M. 304 Kauai BISH 2015-03-18
62 Alphitonia ponderosa 20 mi from Waimea toward Kona aa desert Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3347 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-20
63 Alphitonia ponderosa Kahuku, Kau, 1887 flow forest, aa lava Preserved_Specimen 8 m x 2 dm tree, leaves whitish below St.John, H. 22445 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-27
64 Alphitonia ponderosa Kahuku, Ocean View, jct. of Orchid and Keaka Parkways open forest, dry aa lava Preserved_Specimen medium tree with yellowish, mildly fragrant flowers Herbst, D.R. 5066 Hawaii BISH 1974-10-09
65 Alphitonia ponderosa Vicinity forest ranger station at Kokee transition between wet and dry forest Preserved_Specimen Tree, 18 in. at base; backs of leaves, young twigs, buds and calyces, densely ferruginous velvety; heatwood pink, very hard. Stern, W.L. 1270 Kauai BISH 1961-08-01
66 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu Hill, Kokee forest Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 23933 Kauai BISH 1955-09-15
67 Alphitonia ponderosa Haw. Ranchos, mauka of Pohue open, wooded, aa flow. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 33678 Hawaii BISH 1976-02-24
68 Alphitonia ponderosa upper Kealakomo forest; aa flow Preserved_Specimen 35' tree Stone, B.C. 2956 Hawaii BISH 1959-06-25
69 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea, Kohua ridge, North facing slope Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest w/ Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphylla, Euphorbia atrococca, Kadua affinis, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, M. alyxifolia, Cheirodendron trigynum, Nestegis sandwi... Preserved_Specimen Tree, 9m tall, w/ flower and fruit, occasional K.R. Wood 19607 Kauai BISH 2024-09-12
70 Alphitonia ponderosa Haleakala S slope, just below the pipeline road In a small `a`a gully with Pleomele, Osteomeles, Alyxia, Osmanthus & Lantana. Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 188 Maui BISH 1981-11-21
71 Alphitonia ponderosa Milolii Ridge road Metrosideros, Tetraplasandra, Cyanea Preserved_Specimen 15 m tree; flower white, fragrant; fruit hard, dry; flux on trunk Gagné, W.C. 530 Kauai BISH 1970-08-21
72 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, SW Haleakala, Auwhai, 0.5 km SE of Puu Ouli dry, gulch; with native trees, shrubs, exotic grass, shrubs Preserved_Specimen 3 m tree, flower and fruit Higashino, P.K. 9256 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
73 Alphitonia ponderosa Kokee, near museum Acacia koa Preserved_Specimen medium tree Little Jr., E.L. 23022 Kauai BISH 1968-05-30
74 Alphitonia ponderosa N. Kona; Puuwaawaa On an a`a lava flow. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25715 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-14
75 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, S Haleakala, Auwahi, SE Puu Ouli dry open sclerophyllous forest on aa lava Preserved_Specimen 4 m tree, young leaves coppery beneath Fosberg, F.R. 415142 Maui BISH 1961-12-14
76 Alphitonia ponderosa Mauna Loa, Kau open dry forest, aa Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 31536 Hawaii BISH 1967-06-20
77 Alphitonia ponderosa Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.2 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or up Mauna Loa Strip Road about 200 meters from parking circle at Kipuka Puaulu. Plant was about 30 meters 20° north of road. (plot 19) Acacia - Sapindus savanna community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 155 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-26
78 Alphitonia ponderosa Munro Trail, off On dry ridge. Preserved_Specimen Burr, T. 28656 Lanai BISH 1963-07-28
79 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa, N Kona dry lava flow Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25612 Hawaii BISH 1955-12-01
80 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kau, Hilina Pali road, Kipuka Nene shelter open area with Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen ~3 m tree; flowers white; fruit ~1.5 cm wide Herat, T. 771 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-27
81 Alphitonia ponderosa West Maui, Lahaina District, slopes of Helu, Puehuehunui, 1st gulch NW of Luakoi Ridge On very steep north facing slope, about one third below ridge top to gulch bottom. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Diospyros, Myrsine, Coprosma, Wikstroemia, Dodonaea, Psychotria, Alyxia, Nephrolepis, Doodia, Dryopteris, Carex, Leptecophylla, Cocculus. Preserved_Specimen Single 5 m tree. Oppenheimer, H.L. 120607 Maui BISH 2006-12-06
82 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Hana District, Auwahi dry aa lava, open native forest Preserved_Specimen large tree with pale yellow flowers and brown fruit Herbst, D.R. 710 Maui BISH 1967-11-11
83 Alphitonia ponderosa Land section of Makakupaia, S fork of Kaunakakai Gulch, southern slope of the gulch On a rocky slope Preserved_Specimen A scrubby, rounded tree 3 lm. tall projecting above the surrounding scrub vegetation. Assoc. with Styphelia, Dodonaea, Dubautia, Metrosideros, Wikstroemia Lau, J. 1459 Molokai BISH 1985-09-25
84 Alphitonia ponderosa Manuka FR, Kau aa flow; with ohia, opiko, lama, kolea Preserved_Specimen 35' x 8 tree, rough, dark bark; sterile Horner, E. Hawaii BISH 1950-04-03
85 Alphitonia ponderosa Kapua, Kau FR rough lava Preserved_Specimen 12 m tree MacDaniels, L.H. 277 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-16
86 Alphitonia ponderosa West Maui, Wailuku Dist., Pohakea Gulch steep, windward facing mid-gulch slope. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Myrsine, Xylosma, Ilex, Diospyros, Chamaesyce, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Wikstroemia, Nestegis, Smilax, Dubautia, Coprosma, Bidens, Vaccinium, Alyxia, Pleomele, Doodia, Dryopteris, Ctenitis, Cocculus, Elaphoglossum, Lysimachia, Nephrolepis, Carex, Pteridium, Peperomia, Liparis. Preserved_Specimen Single 4 m. tall tree Oppenheimer, H.L. 100518 Maui BISH 2005-10-20
87 Alphitonia ponderosa Puna-Kealakomo pali, lehua forest, open aa flow Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 3017 Hawaii BISH 1959-07-09
88 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa rough aa, fountain grass, Lantana, ohia, Myrsine, sandalwood Preserved_Specimen 25' x 8 tree; with fruit and flower Montgomery, S.L. 46 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-06
89 Alphitonia ponderosa Honopu: Awaawapuhi Valley Mesic forest Preserved_Specimen Avg. tree height 50-60 ft. Stone, B.C. 1566 Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
90 Alphitonia ponderosa Central W fork of Kawela Gulch ~one quarter up from gulch bottom, W facing slope; Dodonaea, Metrosideros, Wikstroemia, Pleomele, Leptecophylla, Pittosporum, Exocarpos, Osteomeles, Sophora, Coprosma, Kadua, Pouteria, Diospyros, Psychotria, Pisonia, Pteridium, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Luzula, Alyxia, Cyperus, Microlepia Preserved_Specimen 6 m+ tree, wide spreading crown Oppenheimer, H.L. 40817 Molokai BISH 2008-04-23
91 Alphitonia ponderosa N Kona, between Huehue and Puuwaawaa dry forest Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1944-08-06
92 Alphitonia ponderosa Ocean View, 0.1 mile N of General Store, Hwy 11, Kahuku, Kau Preserved_Specimen Kimura, B. 6 Hawaii BISH 1980-06-29
93 Alphitonia ponderosa Pohakea Pass, Waianae Preserved_Specimen Judd, C.S. 51 Oahu BISH 1926-08-05
94 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Kokee road, near (sout portion of) Faye road Preserved_Specimen Tree 10 m. high Wichman, J.R. 1126 Kauai BISH 1953-09-03
95 Alphitonia ponderosa Manuka Mauka on aa lava, wooded kipuka Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11350 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-27
96 Alphitonia ponderosa Auwahi Preserved_Specimen Tree St.John, H. 26873 Maui BISH 1972-06-30
97 Alphitonia ponderosa National Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen 3 m tree Lamoureux, C.H. 2838 Hawaii BISH 1965-03-21
98 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1786 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
99 Alphitonia ponderosa Auhi, Ulupalakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 395 Maui BISH 1915-02-12
100 Alphitonia ponderosa Maunalei Preserved_Specimen Flowering collected 11 Oct 1913, fruiting collected 24 Feb 1915. Munro, G.C. 472 Lanai BISH 1913-10-11
101 Alphitonia ponderosa Maunalei Preserved_Specimen Flowering 10/11/13, Fruiting 2/24/15 Munro, G.C. 472 Lanai BISH
102 Alphitonia ponderosa W of Waiohinu, W of 1907 flow Preserved_Specimen 25x1' tree St.John, H. 11034 Hawaii BISH 1931-03-12
103 Alphitonia ponderosa Kumuela Ditch Trail, along border between Kokee State Park and Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve Preserved_Specimen Tree with small trunk, to 20 ft. tall. Inflorescence, stems, etc. covered with reddish pubescence. Calyx light green inside; stamesn white, borne on yellowish-green disk; style green; fruits black, wrinkled Crosby, M.R. 2022 Kauai BISH 1964-08-13
104 Alphitonia ponderosa S Kona, Kapua, Kaulanamauna, Manuka Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 777 Hawaii BISH 1977-06-01
105 Alphitonia ponderosa Kauai Preserved_Specimen Knudsen 28 Kauai BISH
106 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea, Milolii ridge near Kokee Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2924 Kauai BISH 1938-08-14
107 Alphitonia ponderosa Halemanu, edge of Waimea Canyon, trail to Waipoo Falls Preserved_Specimen tall tree, straight trunk, light gray bark; foliage dark green, glossy above; pale below, brown tomentose when young; flower pale yellow; fruit dark brown when mature Herbst, D.R. 2376 Kauai BISH 1972-04-10
108 Alphitonia ponderosa N Kona, Puuwaawaa, 0.6 mi W of ranch houses rocky paddocks Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. 99 Hawaii BISH 1946-07-23
109 Alphitonia ponderosa Waiakeakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 142 Lanai BISH 1927-07-18
110 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea, Kokee Territorial Park, Halemanu road, 0.4 miles from Kokee road Preserved_Specimen Tree 12 m. high, 0.5 m. d.b.h. Wood specimen. Green-white flowers, black fruit. Chock, A.K. 1361 Kauai BISH 1955-10-17
111 Alphitonia ponderosa Kokee State Park, on Canyon Trail to Waipoo Falls Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4943 Kauai BISH 1983-08-26
112 Alphitonia ponderosa Mts. near Koele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 134 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
113 Alphitonia ponderosa Haalelepaakai Ridge near Fish and Wildlife enclosure Preserved_Specimen ~20' tree; new growth brown, pubescent; leaves clustered at branch tips Flynn, T.W. 181 Lanai BISH 1982-05-25
114 Alphitonia ponderosa Kau desert, SE of Pahala Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 609 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-20
115 Alphitonia ponderosa Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5504 Kauai BISH 1909-09-01
116 Alphitonia ponderosa Kahualuamanu, above Waimea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 427 Kauai BISH 1909-09-01
117 Alphitonia ponderosa Kapua, Kona Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 359 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-25
118 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuanahulu, Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10094 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
119 Alphitonia ponderosa Kau Desert Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 387 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-02
120 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Auwahi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8644 Maui BISH 1910-11-01
121 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Auahi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8644 Maui BISH 1910-11-01
122 Alphitonia ponderosa Awaawapuhi Trail Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 218 Kauai BISH 1987-06-16
123 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuanahulu, Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10094 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
124 Alphitonia ponderosa Hauola and Maunalei, between, outer point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 152 Lanai BISH 1913-10-11
125 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
126 Alphitonia ponderosa Puhielelu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 247 Lanai BISH 1910-11-18
127 Alphitonia ponderosa Diamond Head Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 2 Oahu BISH 1958-01-01
128 Alphitonia ponderosa Kaiholena Ridge Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8070 Lanai BISH 1910-07-21
129 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 21 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
130 Alphitonia ponderosa Near Kokee Preserved_Specimen Alexander, A.M. 5246 Kauai BISH 1947-03-11
131 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Baldwin, R.I. 1 Hawaii BISH 1958-09-13
132 Alphitonia ponderosa Mahana Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1915-02-24
133 Alphitonia ponderosa Manuka, Kau, 100 yds. mauka of Belt Rd. Preserved_Specimen Meinecke, W.H. Hawaii BISH 1956-05-15
134 Alphitonia ponderosa Maui Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Maui BISH
135 Alphitonia ponderosa S Kona Preserved_Specimen Shea Hawaii BISH 1928-01-21
136 Alphitonia ponderosa Awehi, 4 gulches S of Puhielelu Ridge, E Lanai Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Lanai BISH 1971-06-06
137 Alphitonia ponderosa Kona, Belt Road Preserved_Specimen Shinohara, B. Hawaii BISH 1947-12-01
138 Alphitonia ponderosa Waimea Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
139 Alphitonia ponderosa Maui Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Maui BISH 1913-01-01
140 Alphitonia ponderosa 80 miles from Hilo Store, Government Rd. Preserved_Specimen Judd Jr., A.F. Hawaii BISH 1930-01-08
141 Alphitonia ponderosa Kahuku, Kau Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1927-04-13
142 Alphitonia ponderosa Oahu Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Oahu BISH 1930-03-01
143 Alphitonia ponderosa Kealakahua, Kau, mauka side of Belt Rd., across stone fence Preserved_Specimen Meinecke, W.H. Hawaii BISH 1956-05-15
144 Alphitonia ponderosa Lanai Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Lanai BISH
145 Alphitonia ponderosa Kau, Kahuku, 1887 lava flow Preserved_Specimen Shigehara, B. Hawaii BISH
146 Alphitonia ponderosa 7 mi from Kalae turnoff Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. Hawaii BISH 1954-12-23
147 Alphitonia ponderosa Awaawapuhi Trail, Honopuu, Kokee Preserved_Specimen Pearsall, G.A. Kauai BISH 1956-12-29
148 Alphitonia ponderosa Kokee, Kumuwela. Along ridge to George's Point overlooking Poomau Canyon Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 653 Kauai BISH 1983-11-17
149 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Auahi Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8644 Maui BISH 1910-11-01
150 Alphitonia ponderosa Diamond Head Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 2 Oahu BISH 1958-01-01
151 Alphitonia ponderosa Makua Valley Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. Oahu BISH 1932-09-27
152 Alphitonia ponderosa Hualalai, between Puuwaawaa and Huehue Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3349 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-24
153 Alphitonia ponderosa W Waimea drainage basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1070 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
154 Alphitonia ponderosa Kapua, Kona Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 359 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-25
155 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa, N Kona, Huehue Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12970 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
156 Alphitonia ponderosa Middle Auahi, Kalualii Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2039 Maui BISH 1920-03-20
157 Alphitonia ponderosa Between Puuwaawaa and Huehue Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3344 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-18
158 Alphitonia ponderosa Mts. near Koele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 85 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
159 Alphitonia ponderosa Trail between end of Halemanu Road and Waimea Lookout Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5145 Kauai BISH 1983-12-20
160 Alphitonia ponderosa Mts. near Koele Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 198 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
161 Alphitonia ponderosa W Waimea drainage basin Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1070 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
162 Alphitonia ponderosa on the ridge west of the Hanapepe River Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2748 Kauai BISH 1895-08-22
163 Alphitonia ponderosa Hauola and Maunalei, between, outer point Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 152 Lanai BISH 1913-10-11
164 Alphitonia ponderosa East Maui, Auwahi, above Ulupalakua Ranch Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 2040 Maui BISH 1966-11-26
165 Alphitonia ponderosa Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 21 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
166 Alphitonia ponderosa Maunaloa Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Molokai BISH
167 Alphitonia ponderosa Maunaloa Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Molokai BISH
168 Alphitonia ponderosa Kawela Gulch Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 182 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
169 Alphitonia ponderosa Kaiholena Ridge Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8070 Lanai BISH 1910-07-21
170 Alphitonia ponderosa Kamalo Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 297 Molokai BISH 1910-06-01
171 Alphitonia ponderosa Manuka, S Kona Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10024 Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
172 Alphitonia ponderosa Mokuleia, slopes of Koola Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1831 Oahu BISH 1912-04-26
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